文章题目

Living with uncertainty

重复年份

20160109A 20140515

题材

自然环境

题型

判断7+简答6

文章大意

澳洲的气候变化无常，所以那里的生物需要很强的应变能力。有一种P鸟可以知道什么地方什么时候下雨，可以提前飞去找水喝。当地人为了狩猎把森林烧掉，另一种要吃salt bush的鸟就因此灭绝了。欧洲人来了之后大量种植wheat，Emu喜欢吃，所以繁殖很快。

部分答案参考：

判断：

第一种鸟避开下雨的地方。N

简答：

1.Aboriginal做了什么来方便他们打猎lit fire

2. G鸟灭绝的原因：salt bush

3. Emu吃wheat

文章题目

Trade

重复年份

20160109B 20120728

题材

发展史

题型

暂无

文章大意

贸易的发展史，讲了贸易的人的天性以及各地的贸易发展水平和状况。

Basically trade means exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called commerce. The actual face of trade was barter, which was the direct exchange of goods and services. Today traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, like money, which then makes buying separate from selling, or earning. The invention of money has made trade simpler. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade.

Trade exists for many reasons. It can be due to specialization and division of labor. Trade exists between regions because different regions have a comparative advantage in the production of some tradable commodity, or because different regions' size helps getting benefits of mass production.

History of Trade:

Trade originated in prehistoric times. It was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and services from each other when modern money was never even thought of. Peter Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.

Trade is believed to have taken place throughout much of recorded human history. Materials used for the creation of jewelry were traded with Egypt since 3000 BC. Long-distance trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BC, by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia when they traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. Trading is greatly important to the global economy. From the very beginning of Greek civilization to the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, a financially worthwhile trade brought valuable spice to Europe from the Far East, including China.

The fall of the Roman Empire, and the succeeding Dark Ages brought insecurity to Western Europe and a near end of the trade network. However some trade did occur, the Radhanites were a medieval group of Jewish merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the Muslims of the Near East.

The Sogdians ruled the East-West trade route known as the Silk Road from the end 4th century AD to the 8th century AD.

The Vikings and Varangians also traded from the 8th to the 11th century as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while Varangians to Russia.

Vasco da Gama restarted the European Spice trade in 1498. Earlier to his sailing around Africa, the flow of spice into Europe was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped encourage the Age of Exploration. Spices brought to Europe from distant lands were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling gold.

In the 16th century, Holland was the centre of free trade, imposing no exchange controls, and advocating the free movement of goods.

In 1776, Adam Smith published the paper "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations". This paper criticized Mercantilism, and argued that economic specialization could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since that time the division of labor was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labor more efficiently and thereby become more productive.

The Great Depression was a major economic collapse that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. There was a great setback in trade and other economic indicators during this period.

The lack of free trade was considered by many as a root cause of the depression. Only during the World War II the recession ended in United States.

文章题目

The history of Russian Ballet

重复年份

20160114 20150418 20121124

题材

发展史

题型

判断6+填空7

文章大意

芭蕾舞发源于意大利，从17世纪后传入俄国后一直欣欣向荣。出了很多优秀的艺术家和作品，外国舞派也对俄国芭蕾舞发展有着影响。后期以戏剧味发展主流，一直讲到本世纪70年代的发展。

参考阅读：

Until 1689, ballet in Russia was nonexistent. The Tsarist control and isolationism in Russia allowed for little influence from the West. It wasn't until the rise of Peter the Great that Russian society opened up to the West. St. Petersburg was erected to embrace the West and compete against Moscow’s isolationism. Peter the Great created a new Russia which rivaled the society of the West with magnificent courts and palaces. His vision was to challenge the west. Classical ballet entered the realm of Russia not as entertainment, but as a “standard of physical comportment to be emulated and internalized-an idealized way of behaving. The aim was not to entertain the masses of Russians, but to create a cultivated and new Russian people.

Empress Anna, (1730 – 1740) was devoted to ostentatious amusements (balls, fireworks, tableaux), and in the summer of 1734 ordered the appointment of Jean-Baptiste Landé as dancing-master in the military academy she had founded in 1731 for sons of the nobility. In 1738, he became ballet master and head of the new ballet school, launching the advanced study of ballet in Russia, and winning the patronage of elite families.

France provided many leaders such as Charles Didelot in St Petersburg (1801-1831), Jules Perrot(1848-1859) and Arthur Saint-Léon (1859-69).

In the early 19th century, the theaters were opened up to anyone who could afford a ticket. A seating section called a rayok, or 'paradise gallery', consisted of simple wooden benches. This allowed non-wealthy people access to the ballet, because tickets in this section were inexpensive.

One author describes the Imperial ballet as “unlike that of any other country in the world…the most prestigious of the ballet troupes were those attached to the state-supported theatres. The directors of these companies were personally appointed by the tsar, and all the dancers were, in a sense, Imperial servants. In the theatre, the men in the audience always remained standing until the tsar entered his box and, out of respect, after the performance they remained in their places until he had departed. Curtain calls were arranged according to a strict pattern: first, the ballerina bowed to the tsar’s box, then to that of the theater director, and finally to the general public.

文章题目

Aquaculture in New Zealand

重复年份

20160114 20151031 20121124 20110212

题材

农业

题型

小标题7+人名理论配对3+句子填空3

文章大意

新西兰水产养殖，介绍了新西兰一种新型保护海底动物多样性兼顾商业运作的方式一aquaculture ,其发展遇到的问题及前景。

部分参考答案：
小标题
14. vi （一个受益的村庄）
15. vii （company’s profit）
16. 选含 limitation 的那项
17. 选含 concerns to environment 的那项
18. 选含 alternative explanation 的那项
19. 选含 research 的那项
20. 选含 science and business 的那项
填空题
24. polyculture/aquaculture
25. commercial partner
26. market value/high price

文章题目

The influence of social network to people's loneliness

重复年份

20140920 20130622

题材

人文社科

题型

配对6+选择4+判断4

文章大意

社交媒体对人孤独的影响.越来越多的人开始使用社交媒体，有些人认为社交媒体使人变得更加孤独，有些人却不同意。在大学生中做了一个调查，结果表明孤独感与人们花时间在社交媒体上无关。社交媒体会使人变得焦虑，也会让人上瘾。

参考阅读：

Ethan Kross, a psychologist at the University of Michigan, suggests that his recent research shows that online social media use, rather than making us as users feel inter-connected, contributes to overall life dis-satisfaction and loneliness.

This side-effect can have drastic results, considering over 1.1 billion users around the world are linked up on Facebook alone.

The study monitored 82 participants’ feelings and well-being, compared to their social media use, over a long period of time. This kind of LONG TERM comparative research was the first of its kind to be conducted.

The main correlation result was: the more time spent on social media, the less happy you will be over time.

A separate study in 2010 conducted by Carnegie Mellon University discovered that when users are DIRECTLY interacting with social media friends, such as posting pictures and status updates, tagging photos, or liking things, their sociability and well-being increased.

However, the dangerous part of our social media use stems from the time we are passively consuming social media content, which represents a majority of user time spent on these platforms. This passive consumption of other peoples idealized vacations, days off, meals, boyfriends, family, etc. led users to feel lonely and unsatisfied with their own lives, despite how eschewed this perception of others lives ACTUALLY is.

Thus, social media has forced us to face a grave paradox: social media claims to be the platform that can connect users with their friends, family, community and the like within seconds, and this is true; however, never before have we experienced more isolation than we are now as a result. Our obsession with our digital social media lives is beginning to take precedence over our physical, here-and-now lives, resulting in our inability to interact with real people, and enjoy life’s current moments without being distracted by how this will be portrayed on social media.

文章题目

Expert in musician

重复年份

20160130 20140517

题材

人文社科

题型

选择4+判断6+填空4

文章大意

天赋是遗传先天的还是靠练习，主要以音乐为例。讨论坚持不懈对成功的作用和他们的关系。首先探讨了毅力是否是成功的必要条件，并阐述了众多学家就此提出的各类观点。在论证天才是不是也需要坚持不懈时，举例了莫扎特一个人坚持找工作的过程。最后证明了坚持不懈和成功的关系密切。

部分参考答案：

选择：

1. what's the definition of talent in the first paragraph

brain structure different from others

2.what can we learn from violin players?

Not sure the change of brain size is the cause of effect of practice

3. the result of findings by experts suggest

Talent may have little to do with ....

判断题：

1. ericsson's study has influenced other researchers.NG

2. the other areas have one thing in common.Y

3. whose who becoe world scale practice regularly every dayNG

4. anyone who practiced over 10.000 will become a talentN

5. current learning and cognitive skills support the practice theoryY

填空题：

Receive a lot ofpractice from his father. .... first symphony at the age of four....notpopular...but notinherited.

文章题目

Consumer advertisement

重复年份

20160305 20141002

题材

商业

题型

判断7+填空6

文章大意

消费者广告。过度广告会造成消费者对广告无感，有时候还会起到适得其反的作用。广告设计如何才有吸引力，更能有效宣传

参考阅读：
The report was published in Vietnam e-Business Index (EBI) 2015 and made public at a recent press conference to introduce the Vietnam Online Marketing Forum to be held late this August. The EBI 2015 was based on a survey among 5,000 enterprises across the country, up nearly 50 percent, compared to 2014.
According to Nguyen Thanh Hung, chairman of the Vietnam e-Commerce Association (VECOM), the EBI 2015 indicated that the number of e-commerce transactions grew sharply against 2014 and transactions were diversified. However, e-commerce businesses have yet to work out effective solutions to win consumer confidence.
Tuan Ha, CEO of Vinalink said online marketing has seen a rapid increase. In 2015, to better serve customers, businesses invested more in applications for e-commerce on mobile phones with a growth of 200 percent. Many online marketing agencies have been used by sellers such as Facebook, Google, and Over-The-Top (OTT) application.
According to a survey made by VECOM, government agencies and businesses (G2B) have made significant progress. Some 26 percent of websites launched mobile platforms last year. However, they lacked able human resources and did not pay much for the e-commerce performance.
Under the survey, 95 percent of businesses used email in their business activities. The ratio of businesses using email to make business contracts has been growing in the last three years while the ratio of businesses using email to advertise or introduce their products has been going down. It clearly reflects a new trend in online advertising.

Some 53 percent of surveyed businesses said they spent below VND10 million (US$444) on online marketing, or equivalent to 2014. It said 12 percent of surveyed businesses spending more than VND50 million on online marketing.
The most popular marketing social channels are social networks, search engines, e-newspapers and emails. Marketing through search engines has been rated as the one with highest efficiency.
Some 30 percent of businesses said advertisements on search tools gained high efficiency. It is 25 percent of advertisements on social networks. Only 14 percent of surveyed businesses said that advertisements on mobile phones brought high efficiency, while 38 percent of surveyed businesses said advertisements on mobile phones brought low efficiency.
This result was similar to the Nielsen Global Trust in Advertising Survey, Q1 2015. The report showed that Vietnamese consumers believed mostly in advertisements on search engines. It is followed by social networking, online videos, online banners, while the lowest ratio is on advertisements on mobile devices.
Nguyen Trong Tho, CEO of iNet said Facebook video commercials have been very effective for sellers and are better than image advertisements.
According to industry insiders, online marketing has an intimate relationship with online shopping, but many Vietnamese firms do not pay their attention to this. Some businesses have already used online marketing services but it has seen low efficiency. On the other hand, Vietnamese businesses still largely depend on a small number of providers for cross-border advertising services. The local market share of online marketing is quite modest.
According to eMarketer, an independent market research company that provides insights and trends related to digital marketing, media and commerce, the global spending ratio for online marketing account is high, and this spending is growing. In the Asia-Pacific region, this ratio was 32.3 percent in 2015 and it is estimated to increase by 36.3 percent in 2016.

EMarketer predicts that this year, spending on online marketing will reach US$2.9 billion in Thailand, US$2.7 billion in Indonesia, and US$7 billion in India. In the United States, online advertising will increase 15.4 percent this year and will achieve sales revenue of more than US$68 billion, accounting for 32.6 percent of the entire advertising market
To spur online marketing, industry insiders said businesses need to pay much attention to investment, strategy, and product. The success in online marketing is to maintain connection with customers and sell products on their e-commerce websites and social networks.