托福综合写作是让很多托福新手感到头疼的一个备考部分，毕竟我们之前接触到的英语考试好像从未对书面表达有如此综合的考察，同时涉及阅读理解、听力理解和信息整合能力，生态学是近年来托福综合写作考察频次较高的热门话题之一，在TPO综合写作题目中，最具代表性的生态类话题分布在TPO 14，TPO 18，TPO 20，TPO 21，TPO 23 和TPO 26，它们分别研究的是：树木回收性砍伐的好处、佛罗里达榧树的保护、大火给森林带来的损害、转基因树的好处、雪松数量减少、斑马贝的入侵。

备考托福综合写作最重要也是最有效的资料就是TPO，我们可以好好把握TPO中曾经考察过的相关内容，挖掘重要考点与信息。具体来看，TPO14、TPO18、TPO20的这三篇主要考察要点都和环境保护息息相关：

(阅读论点--- 听力论点)

TPO 14：回收性砍伐的好处

1. make room for the growth of the new trees---deprive the soil of the nutrients produced during the process of decomposition

2. minimize the danger of insect infestation---some insects are great contributors to the health of the forest

3. provide usable wood by industries and create additional jobs for local people---transportation of these woods is expensive and the jobs provided are temporary

TPO 18：佛罗里达榧树减少的解决方案

1.reestablish Torreya in the same location

with the coolest and dampest microclimate---the microclimate is strongly influenced by either global warming or the drained wetlands

2.move Torreya to an entirely different location---Torreya will threaten other rendangered species

3.preserve Torreya in research center---the research center can not ensure a large and genetically-diverse population of the Torreyatrees, which means the trees are not capableof resisting the disease

TPO 20：Let it burn policy 带来的危害

1. damage the trees as well as the vegetation---there appears to be a biggerdiversity for the plants

2.bring negative effects to the wildlife---small animals like the rabbits and hares are more likely to inhabit in the ideal place

3.do harm to the local tourism, negatively contributing to the economy---only if it happens every year would it be a problem for tourism

从单词的层面上看，生态学相关的托福综合写作部分我们主要需要做好以下几方面词汇积累：

物种名称词汇( 植物)：plant / cedar / plankton / Terroya tree / wild berry / organism / black locust tree

物种名称词汇(动物)：wildlife / insect / beetle / bear / mussel / hare / rabbit / shellfish

涉及栖息地词汇：habitat / dwell / inhabit / habitat / bottom / wetland

生物链涉及词汇：food chain / plankton eater/ predator / parasite / disease / infestation / infest / pest-resistant / resist / dominate / reproduce / germinate / nutrient

关于物种入侵：wipe out / crowd out / be aggressive / invade / invasion / colonize / compete for

表示物种数量的下降：decline / descend / shrink / extinct / endangered / minimize / devastate / destroy

科学技术层面的单词：genetic modification / genetictechnology / genetically –diverse / geneticallymodified / uniform / gene / pesticide

在托福综合写作的阅读和听力材料中，常常会出现的生态学相关考点包括：生物减少原因、生物保护方法、防止生物扩散的方法。

生物减少原因：

Environment: temperature / climate change / global warming

Technology: genetically-modified plants /pest-unresistant / uniform in genes

Invasion: compete for nutrient/ infestation / parasite / predator

生物保护方法：

Environment: temperature / climate change / relocation

Technology: research center

防止生物扩散的方法：

Biological introduction: predator

Human activities: capture (financially beneficial) / chemical control (poison / pesticide)

生态学题材的内容无论是托福哪个单项都会频繁出现，是我们备考的一大重点，我们在进行托福综合写作相关内容备考的过程中，也可以充分利用阅读和听力中的生态学相关内容，积累相关学科背景知识，助力托福阅读、托福听力和托福口语中涉及相关知识点的备考，同步提升托福综合水平。